Download >>> https://byltly.com/283kri
A P. V. M. A.R.V-E-M-O-T-O R, is a project carried out in order to study the profitability of manufactures in the field of microelectronics by analyzing their production costs and capacity utilization at different degree levels, before and after introducing new technology on production processes In The Netherlands, Philips Medical Systems began a project to introduce cost effective techniques in production management for medical devices with incorporated intellectual property owned by Philips Medical Systems or Philips Intellectual Property Trading Company (PIPTC). The company is one of the world's largest suppliers of medical devices. Project A.P.V.M.A was carried out by Philips Medical Systems with the support of KPMG in collaboration with the University of Twente in 1993–94, to study the profitability of manufacture in the field of Microelectronics by analyzing production costs and capacity utilization at different degree levels, before and after introducing new technology on production processes. The basic objective was to invest in expensive equipment for automation, reduce manpower through use of robots and pre-programming etc., so as to avoid being overtaken by competition or adversely affected by shortage of skilled people or general rise in wages. The study concentrated on techniques for production of different kinds of electronic components and systems. The field work conducted by the team consisted of two parts:The first part studied the semiconductor wafer fabrication process, which is particularly suitable for automation. This part included feasibility studies, design and construction of automated tools for fabricating wafers. The machines fabricated chips with small geometry sizes ranging from 0.25 mm to 0.5 mm, so as to reduce the cost per chip. The second part was concerned with assembly technology for producing complete systems like computers or microwaves etc., using various techniques like mechanized pick-and-place machines, robotic arms, vision guidance etc., to reduce labour costs. Based on the data collected during the feasibility study, the project team designed and built high precision automated machines for fabricating computer chips with small geometries. The machines were capable of fabricating complex chips like CPUs, VLSI chips etc., with features as small as 0.5 mm. The cost-effectiveness of different technologies like photo-lithography, X-Ray lithography and electron beam lithography was evaluated in detail, before deciding on which technology to use for fabrication. A complete photo-lithography machine consisting of a scanner, lens assembly, wafer handling mechanism and photoresist coating unit was fabricated. The scanner was controlled by computerized design package. The machine consisted of two work stations; one for lithography and other for coating of wafers with photoresist. The coating assembly used aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) to produce an electric field of about 300 V/mm between the coated wafer and the scanner lens. The machine fabrication time for each piece was reduced to less than 10 seconds, compared to 30-45 minutes or more, needed by the traditional method involving manual processes like dipping of wafers in dip pot and cleaning with methyl alcohol. cfa1e77820
Comments